# Random Numbers in BiocParallel

# Scope

BiocParallel enables use of random number streams in a reproducible manner. This document applies to the following `*Param()`:

- `SerialParam()`: sequential evaluation in a single R process.
- `SnowParam()`: parallel evaluation in multiple independent R processes.
- `MulticoreParam())`: parallel evaluation in R sessions running in forked threads. Not available on Windows.

The `*Param()` can be used for evaluation with:

- `bplapply()`: `lapply()`-like application of a user-supplied function `FUN` to a vector or list of elements `X`.
- `bpiterate()`: apply a user-supplied function `FUN` to an unknown number of elements resulting from successive calls to a user-supplied function `ITER.`

The reproducible random number implementation also supports:

- `bptry()` and the `BPREDO=` argument, for re-evaluation of elements that fail (e.g., because of a bug in `FUN`).

# Essentials

## Use of `bplapply()` and `RNGseed=`

Attach BiocParallel and ensure that the version is greater than 1.27.5

    library(BiocParallel)
    stopifnot(
        packageVersion("BiocParallel") > "1.27.5"
    )

For reproducible calculation, use the `RNGseed=` argument in any of the `*Param()`constructors.

    result1 <- bplapply(1:3, runif, BPPARAM = SerialParam(RNGseed = 100))
    result1

    ## [[1]]
    ## [1] 0.7393338
    ##
    ## [[2]]
    ## [1] 0.8216743 0.7451087
    ##
    ## [[3]]
    ## [1] 0.1962909 0.5226640 0.6857650

Repeating the calculation with the same value for `RNGseed=` results in the same result; a different random number seed results in different results.

    result2 <- bplapply(1:3, runif, BPPARAM = SerialParam(RNGseed = 100))
    stopifnot(
        identical(result1, result2)
    )

    result3 <- bplapply(1:3, runif, BPPARAM = SerialParam(RNGseed = 200))
    result3

    ## [[1]]
    ## [1] 0.9757768
    ##
    ## [[2]]
    ## [1] 0.6525851 0.6416909
    ##
    ## [[3]]
    ## [1] 0.6710576 0.5895330 0.7686983

    stopifnot(
        !identical(result1, result3)
    )

Results are invariant across `*Param()`

    result4 <- bplapply(1:3, runif, BPPARAM = SnowParam(RNGseed = 100))
    stopifnot(
        identical(result1, result4)
    )

    if (!identical(.Platform$OS.type, "windows")) {
        result5 <- bplapply(1:3, runif, BPPARAM = MulticoreParam(RNGseed = 100))
        stopifnot(
            identical(result1, result5)
        )
    }

Parallel backends can adjust the number of `workers` (processes performing the evaluation) and `tasks` (how elements of `X` are distributed between workers). Results are invariant to these parameters. This is illustrated with `SnowParam()`, but applies also to `MulticoreParam()`.

    result6 <- bplapply(1:3, runif, BPPARAM = SnowParam(workers = 2, RNGseed = 100))
    result7 <- bplapply(1:3, runif, BPPARAM = SnowParam(workers = 3, RNGseed = 100))
    result8 <- bplapply(
        1:3, runif,
        BPPARAM = SnowParam(workers = 2, tasks = 3, RNGseed = 100)
    )
    stopifnot(
        identical(result1, result6),
        identical(result1, result7),
        identical(result1, result8)
    )

Subsequent sections illustrate results with `SerialParam()`, but identical results are obtained with `SnowParam()` and `MulticoreParam()`.

## Use with `bpiterate()`

`bpiterate()` allows parallel processing of a ’stream’ of data as a series of tasks, with a task consisting of a portion of the overall data. It is useful when the data size is not known or easily partitioned into elements of a vector or list. A real use case might involve iterating through a BAM file, where a task represents successive records (perhaps 100,000 per task) in the file. Here we illustrate with a simple example – iterating through a vector `x = 1:3`

    ITER_FUN_FACTORY <- function() {
        x <- 1:3
        i <- 0L
        function() {
            i <<- i + 1L
            if (i > length(x))
                return(NULL)
            x[[i]]
        }
    }

`ITER_FUN_FACTORY()` is used to create a function that, on each invocation, returns the next task (here, an element of `x`; in a real example, perhaps 100000 records from a BAM file). When there are no more tasks, the function returns `NULL`

    ITER <- ITER_FUN_FACTORY()
    ITER()
    ## [1] 1

    ITER()
    ## [1] 2

    ITER()
    ## [1] 3

    ITER()
    ## NULL

In our simple example, `bpiterate()` is performing the same computations as `bplapply()` so the results, including the random number streams used by each task in `bpiterate()`, are the same

    result9 <- bpiterate(
        ITER_FUN_FACTORY(), runif,
        BPPARAM = SerialParam(RNGseed = 100)
    )
    stopifnot(
        identical(result1, result9)
    )

## Use with `bptry()`

`bptry()` in conjunction with the `BPREDO=` argument to `bplapply()` or `bpiterate()` allows for graceful recovery from errors. Here a buggy `FUN1()` produces an error for the second element. `bptry()` allows evaluation to continue for other elements of `X`, despite the error. This is shown in the result.

    FUN1 <- function(i) {
        if (identical(i, 2L)) {
            ## error when evaluating the second element
            stop("i == 2")
        } else runif(i)
    }
    result10 <- bptry(bplapply(
        1:3, FUN1,
        BPPARAM = SerialParam(RNGseed = 100, stop.on.error = FALSE)
    ))
    result10

    ## [[1]]
    ## [1] 0.7393338
    ##
    ## [[2]]
    ## <remote_error in FUN(...): i == 2>
    ## traceback() available as 'attr(x, "traceback")'
    ##
    ## [[3]]
    ## [1] 0.1962909 0.5226640 0.6857650
    ##
    ## attr(,"REDOENV")
    ## <environment: 0x55df48b2caa8>

`FUN2()` illustrates the flexibility of `bptry()` by fixing the bug when `i == 2`, but also generating incorrect results if invoked for previously correct values. The identity of the result to the original computation shows that only the error task is re-computed, and that the random number stream used by the task is identical to the original stream.

    FUN2 <- function(i) {
        if (identical(i, 2L)) {
            ## the random number stream should be in the same state as the
            ## first time through the loop, and rnorm(i) should return
            ## same result as FUN
            runif(i)
        } else {
            ## if this branch is used, then we are incorrectly updating
            ## already calculated elements -- '0' in the output would
            ## indicate this error
            0
        }
    }
    result11 <- bplapply(
        1:3, FUN2,
        BPREDO = result10,
        BPPARAM = SerialParam(RNGseed = 100, stop.on.error = FALSE)
    )
    stopifnot(
        identical(result1, result11)
    )

## Relationship between`RNGseed=` and `set.seed()`

The global random number stream (influenced by `set.seed()`) is ignored by BiocParallel, and BiocParallel does NOT increment the global stream.

    set.seed(200)
    value <- runif(1)

    set.seed(200)
    result12 <- bplapply(1:3, runif, BPPARAM = SerialParam(RNGseed = 100))
    stopifnot(
        identical(result1, result12),
        identical(value, runif(1))
    )

When `RNGseed=` is not used, an internal stream (not accessible to the user) is used and BiocParallel does NOT increment the global stream.

    set.seed(100)
    value <- runif(1)

    set.seed(100)
    result13 <- bplapply(1:3, runif, BPPARAM = SerialParam())
    stopifnot(
        !identical(result1, result13),
        identical(value, runif(1))
    )

## `bpstart()` and random number streams

In all of the examples so far `*Param()` objects are passed to `bplapply()` or `bpiterate()` in the ’stopped’ state. Internally, `bplapply()` and `bpiterate()` invoke `bpstart()` to establish the computational environment (e.g., starting workers for `SnowParam()`). `bpstart()` can be called explicitly, e.g., to allow workers to be used across calls to `bplapply()`.

The cluster random number stream is initiated with `bpstart()`. Thus

    param <- bpstart(SerialParam(RNGseed = 100))
    result16 <- bplapply(1:3, runif, BPPARAM = param)
    bpstop(param)
    stopifnot(
        identical(result1, result16)
    )

This allows a second call to `bplapply` to represent a continuation of a random number computation – the second call to `bplapply()` results in different random number streams for each element of `X`.

    param <- bpstart(SerialParam(RNGseed = 100))
    result16 <- bplapply(1:3, runif, BPPARAM = param)
    result17 <- bplapply(1:3, runif, BPPARAM = param)
    bpstop(param)
    stopifnot(
        identical(result1, result16),
        !identical(result1, result17)
    )

The results from `bplapply()` are different from the results from `lapply()`, even with the same random number seed. This is because correctly implemented parallel random streams require use of a particular random number generator invoked in specific ways for each element of `X`, as outlined in the Implementation notes section.

## Relationship between `bplapply()` and `lapply()`

The results from `bplapply()` are different from the results from `lapply()`, even with the same random number seed. This is because correctly implemented parallel random streams require use of a particular random number generator invoked in specific ways for each element of `X`, as outlined in the Implementation notes section.

    set.seed(100)
    result20 <- lapply(1:3, runif)
    stopifnot(
        !identical(result1, result20)
    )

# Implementation notes

The implementation uses the L’Ecuyer-CMRG random number generator (see `?RNGkind` and `?parallel::clusterSetRNGStream` for additional details). This random number generates independent streams and substreams of random numbers. In BiocParallel, each call to `bp start()` creates a new stream from the L’Ecuyer-CMRG generator. Each element in `bplap` `ply()` or `bpiterate()` creates a new substream. Each application of `FUN` is therefore using the L’Ecuyer-CMRG random number generator, with a substream that is independent of the substreams of all other elements.

Within the user-supplied `FUN` of `bplapply()` or `bpiterate()`, it is a mistake to use `RNGkind()` to set a different random number generator, or to use `set.seed()`. This would in principle compromise the independence of the streams across elements.

# `sessionInfo()`

    ## R version 4.6.0 (2026-04-24)
    ## Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
    ## Running under: Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS
    ##
    ## Matrix products: default
    ## BLAS:   /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libblas.so.3
    ## LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libopenblasp-r0.3.26.so;  LAPACK version 3.12.0
    ##
    ## locale:
    ##  [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NUMERIC=C
    ##  [3] LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8        LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8
    ##  [5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8    LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8
    ##  [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NAME=C
    ##  [9] LC_ADDRESS=C               LC_TELEPHONE=C
    ## [11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C
    ##
    ## time zone: Etc/UTC
    ## tzcode source: system (glibc)
    ##
    ## attached base packages:
    ## [1] stats4    stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods
    ## [8] base
    ##
    ## other attached packages:
    ##  [1] GenomicAlignments_1.49.0           Rsamtools_2.29.0
    ##  [3] Biostrings_2.81.2                  XVector_0.53.0
    ##  [5] SummarizedExperiment_1.43.0        Biobase_2.73.1
    ##  [7] MatrixGenerics_1.25.0              matrixStats_1.5.0
    ##  [9] GenomicRanges_1.65.0               Seqinfo_1.3.0
    ## [11] IRanges_2.47.1                     S4Vectors_0.51.2
    ## [13] BiocGenerics_0.59.3                generics_0.1.4
    ## [15] RNAseqData.HNRNPC.bam.chr14_0.51.0 BiocParallel_1.47.0
    ## [17] BiocStyle_2.41.0
    ##
    ## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
    ##  [1] rappdirs_0.3.4      sass_0.4.10         bitops_1.0-9
    ##  [4] SparseArray_1.13.2  lattice_0.22-9      stringi_1.8.7
    ##  [7] hms_1.1.4           digest_0.6.39       grid_4.6.0
    ## [10] evaluate_1.0.5      fastmap_1.2.0       Matrix_1.7-5
    ## [13] jsonlite_2.0.0      progress_1.2.3      cigarillo_1.3.0
    ## [16] backports_1.5.1     BiocManager_1.30.27 brew_1.0-10
    ## [19] codetools_0.2-20    jquerylib_0.1.4     abind_1.4-8
    ## [22] cli_3.6.6           rlang_1.2.0         crayon_1.5.3
    ## [25] DelayedArray_0.39.2 withr_3.0.2         cachem_1.1.0
    ## [28] yaml_2.3.12         S4Arrays_1.13.0     tools_4.6.0
    ## [31] parallel_4.6.0      checkmate_2.3.4     base64url_1.4
    ## [34] buildtools_1.0.0    vctrs_0.7.3         R6_2.6.1
    ## [37] lifecycle_1.0.5     fs_2.1.0            pkgconfig_2.0.3
    ## [40] bslib_0.11.0        data.table_1.18.4   xfun_0.57
    ## [43] batchtools_0.9.18   sys_3.4.3           knitr_1.51
    ## [46] htmltools_0.5.9     snow_0.4-4          rmarkdown_2.31
    ## [49] maketools_1.3.2     compiler_4.6.0      prettyunits_1.2.0